diff --git a/thesis/chapters/quantum_computing.tex b/thesis/chapters/quantum_computing.tex index 3994192..8a09f2f 100644 --- a/thesis/chapters/quantum_computing.tex +++ b/thesis/chapters/quantum_computing.tex @@ -14,8 +14,8 @@ are used in these cases. \end{definition} -A gate acting on a qbit is a unitary operator $G \in U(2)$. One can show that -$\forall G \in U(2)$ $G$ can be approximated arbitrarily good as a product of unitary generator matrices +A gate acting on a qbit is a unitary operator $G \in SU(2)$. One can show that +$\forall G \in SU(2)$ $G$ can be approximated arbitrarily good as a product of unitary generator matrices \cite[Chapter 4.3]{kaye_ea2007}\cite[Chapter 2]{marquezino_ea_2019}, common choices for the generators are $ X, H, R_{\phi}$ and $Z, H, R_{\phi}$ with \label{ref:singleqbitgates} @@ -108,10 +108,25 @@ is the $U$ gate acting on qbit $j$. \begin{definition}\label{def:CU} For two qbits $i,j = 0, 1, ..., n - 1$, $i \neq j$ and a gate $U_i$ acting on $i$ the controlled version of $U$ is defined by - \begin{equation}\label{eq:CU} - CU_{i, j} = \ket{0}\bra{0}_j\otimes I_i + \ket{1}\bra{1}_j \otimes U_i + \begin{equation} + \begin{aligned}\label{eq:CU} + CU_{i, j} &:= &\ket{0}\bra{0}_j\otimes I_i + + \ket{1}\bra{1}_j \otimes U_i \\ + &:= &\left(\bigotimes\limits_{l < j} I\right) + \otimes \ket{0}\bra{0} + \otimes \left(\bigotimes\limits_{j < l < i} I\right) + \otimes I + \otimes \left(\bigotimes\limits_{j > l} I \right)\\ + & &+ \left(\bigotimes\limits_{l < j} I\right) + \otimes \ket{1}\bra{1} + \otimes \left(\bigotimes\limits_{j < l < i} I\right) + \otimes U + \otimes \left(\bigotimes\limits_{j > l} I \right)\\ + \end{aligned} \end{equation} + where without loss of generality $j < i$; the other case is analogous. + In particular for $X, Z$: \begin{equation}\label{eq:CX_pr} CX(i, j) = \ket{0}\bra{0}_j\otimes I_i + \ket{1}\bra{1}_j \otimes X_i @@ -122,7 +137,7 @@ is the $U$ gate acting on qbit $j$. \end{definition} -In the definition \ref{def:CU} $i$ is called the act-qbit and $j$ the control-qbit. In words +In Definition \ref{def:CU} $i$ is called the act-qbit and $j$ the control-qbit. In words $CU$ applies the gate $U$ to the act-qbit if the control-qbit is in its $\ket{1}$ state. One can show that the gates in \ref{ref:singleqbitgates} together with an entanglement gate, such as $CX$ or $CZ$ are enough