From a5576332aef56f44f2540c3f8bb7d2efe5d6f9df Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?Daniel=20Kn=C3=BCttel?= Date: Tue, 9 Oct 2018 11:43:27 +0200 Subject: [PATCH] added language and bytecode definition --- assembler/bytecode.pdf | 244 ++++++++++++ assembler/bytecode.rst | 46 +++ assembler/language.pdf | 881 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ assembler/language.rst | 180 +++++++++ 4 files changed, 1351 insertions(+) create mode 100644 assembler/bytecode.pdf create mode 100644 assembler/bytecode.rst create mode 100644 assembler/language.pdf create mode 100644 assembler/language.rst diff --git a/assembler/bytecode.pdf b/assembler/bytecode.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bdd4dda --- /dev/null +++ b/assembler/bytecode.pdf @@ -0,0 +1,244 @@ +%PDF-1.4 +%“Œ‹ž ReportLab Generated PDF document http://www.reportlab.com +1 0 obj +<< /F1 2 0 R /F2 3 0 R /F3 10 0 R >> +endobj +2 0 obj +<< /BaseFont /Helvetica /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /Name /F1 /Subtype /Type1 /Type /Font >> +endobj +3 0 obj +<< /BaseFont /Helvetica-Bold /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /Name /F2 /Subtype /Type1 /Type /Font >> +endobj +4 0 obj +<< /Border [ 0 0 0 ] /Contents () /Dest [ 13 0 R /XYZ 62.69291 636.0236 0 ] /Rect [ 62.69291 687.0236 178.2829 699.0236 ] /Subtype /Link /Type /Annot >> +endobj +5 0 obj +<< /Border [ 0 0 0 ] /Contents () /Dest [ 13 0 R /XYZ 62.69291 636.0236 0 ] /Rect [ 527.0227 687.7736 532.5827 699.7736 ] /Subtype /Link /Type /Annot >> +endobj +6 0 obj +<< /Border [ 0 0 0 ] /Contents () /Dest [ 13 0 R /XYZ 62.69291 525.0236 0 ] /Rect [ 62.69291 669.0236 197.7229 681.0236 ] /Subtype /Link /Type /Annot >> +endobj +7 0 obj +<< /Border [ 0 0 0 ] /Contents () /Dest [ 13 0 R /XYZ 62.69291 525.0236 0 ] /Rect [ 527.0227 669.7736 532.5827 681.7736 ] /Subtype /Link /Type /Annot >> +endobj +8 0 obj +<< /Border [ 0 0 0 ] /Contents () /Dest [ 13 0 R /XYZ 62.69291 414.0236 0 ] /Rect [ 62.69291 651.0236 213.8229 663.0236 ] /Subtype /Link /Type /Annot >> +endobj +9 0 obj +<< /Border [ 0 0 0 ] /Contents () /Dest [ 13 0 R /XYZ 62.69291 414.0236 0 ] /Rect [ 527.0227 651.7736 532.5827 663.7736 ] /Subtype /Link /Type /Annot >> +endobj +10 0 obj +<< /BaseFont /Courier /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /Name /F3 /Subtype /Type1 /Type /Font >> +endobj +11 0 obj +<< /Border [ 0 0 0 ] /Contents () /Dest [ 13 0 R /XYZ 62.69291 528.5236 0 ] /Rect [ 515.3527 333.0236 532.1177 345.0236 ] /Subtype /Link /Type /Annot >> +endobj +12 0 obj +<< /Border [ 0 0 0 ] /Contents () /Dest [ 13 0 R /XYZ 62.69291 528.5236 0 ] /Rect [ 62.69291 321.0236 168.2829 333.0236 ] /Subtype /Link /Type /Annot >> +endobj +13 0 obj +<< /Annots [ 4 0 R 5 0 R 6 0 R 7 0 R 8 0 R 9 0 R 11 0 R 12 0 R ] /Contents 21 0 R /MediaBox [ 0 0 595.2756 841.8898 ] /Parent 20 0 R /Resources << /Font 1 0 R /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI ] >> /Rotate 0 + /Trans << >> /Type /Page >> +endobj +14 0 obj +<< /Outlines 16 0 R /PageLabels 22 0 R /PageMode /UseNone /Pages 20 0 R /Type /Catalog >> +endobj +15 0 obj +<< /Author () /CreationDate (D:20181006214730+00'00') /Creator (\(unspecified\)) /Keywords () /ModDate (D:20181006214730+00'00') /Producer (ReportLab PDF Library - 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This means that) Tj T* 0 Tw (bytecode is ) Tj /F2 10 Tf (not ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (necessarily portable.) Tj T* ET +Q +Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 567.0236 cm +q +0 0 0 rg +BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (This makes sense since the BCI instruction set can be extended for applications.) Tj T* ET +Q +Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 537.0236 cm +q +0 0 0 rg +BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL .742619 Tw (If one wants to share code that should run on any BCI it should be shared as assembly. The assembler) Tj T* 0 Tw (will then use the local interpreter definition and generate suiting bytecode.) Tj T* ET +Q +Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 504.0236 cm +q +BT 1 0 0 1 0 3.5 Tm 21 TL /F2 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The Dynamic Instruction Set) Tj T* ET +Q +Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 474.0236 cm +q +0 0 0 rg +BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 1.093876 Tw (The BCI comes with a set of prepared instructions. These are complete and provide a way to do basic) Tj T* 0 Tw (operations like routines, loops and branching.) Tj T* ET +Q +Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 444.0236 cm +q +BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .743672 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The methods are organized in a binary tree internally. To build the tree in a comfortable way there is an) Tj T* 0 Tw (autoinserter that can insert up to ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (1023 ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (methods into the tree.) Tj T* ET +Q +Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 426.0236 cm +q +0 0 0 rg +BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (The autoinserter creates the opcode basing on the order of the method that he inserts.) Tj T* ET +Q +Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 393.0236 cm +q +BT 1 0 0 1 0 3.5 Tm 21 TL /F2 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Byte Code Interpreter Definition) Tj T* ET +Q +Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 351.0236 cm +q +0 0 0 rg +BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 1.843555 Tw (A Bytecode Interpreter Definition consists of two mayor parts: The memory definition that defines the) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.896098 Tw (number of data registers \(up to 63\), the number of memory words \(up to 65535\) and the number of) Tj T* 0 Tw (program memory words \(up to 65535\).) Tj T* ET +Q +Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 321.0236 cm +q +BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .464985 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The second part defines the commands. The definition contains bot the order of the commands \(see ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (The) Tj T* 0 Tw (Dynamic Instruction Set) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\) and the required arguments.) 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This means that bytecode is **not** +necessarily portable. + +This makes sense since the BCI instruction set can be +extended for applications. + +If one wants to share code that should run on any BCI it +should be shared as assembly. The assembler will then use +the local interpreter definition and generate suiting +bytecode. + +The Dynamic Instruction Set +=========================== + +The BCI comes with a set of prepared instructions. These are +complete and provide a way to do basic operations like +routines, loops and branching. + +The methods are organized in a binary tree internally. To +build the tree in a comfortable way there is an autoinserter +that can insert up to ``1023`` methods into the tree. + +The autoinserter creates the opcode basing on the order of +the method that he inserts. + +Byte Code Interpreter Definition +================================ + +A Bytecode Interpreter Definition consists of two mayor +parts: The memory definition that defines the number of data +registers (up to 63), the number of memory words (up to +65535) and the number of program memory words (up to 65535). + +The second part defines the commands. The definition +contains bot the order of the commands (see `The Dynamic +Instruction Set`_) and the required arguments. + diff --git a/assembler/language.pdf b/assembler/language.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0c9f798 --- /dev/null +++ b/assembler/language.pdf @@ -0,0 +1,881 @@ +%PDF-1.4 +%“Œ‹ž ReportLab Generated PDF document http://www.reportlab.com +1 0 obj +<< /F1 2 0 R /F2 3 0 R /F3 14 0 R >> +endobj +2 0 obj +<< /BaseFont /Helvetica /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /Name /F1 /Subtype /Type1 /Type /Font >> +endobj +3 0 obj +<< /BaseFont /Helvetica-Bold /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /Name /F2 /Subtype /Type1 /Type /Font >> +endobj +4 0 obj +<< /Border [ 0 0 0 ] /Contents () /Dest [ 15 0 R /XYZ 62.69291 600.0236 0 ] /Rect [ 62.69291 687.0236 299.9529 699.0236 ] /Subtype /Link /Type /Annot >> +endobj +5 0 obj +<< /Border [ 0 0 0 ] /Contents () /Dest [ 15 0 R /XYZ 62.69291 600.0236 0 ] /Rect [ 527.0227 687.7736 532.5827 699.7736 ] /Subtype /Link /Type /Annot >> +endobj +6 0 obj +<< /Border [ 0 0 0 ] /Contents () /Dest [ 15 0 R /XYZ 62.69291 224.2236 0 ] /Rect [ 62.69291 669.0236 154.3629 681.0236 ] /Subtype /Link /Type /Annot >> +endobj +7 0 obj +<< /Border [ 0 0 0 ] /Contents () /Dest [ 15 0 R /XYZ 62.69291 224.2236 0 ] /Rect [ 527.0227 669.7736 532.5827 681.7736 ] /Subtype /Link /Type /Annot >> +endobj +8 0 obj +<< /Border [ 0 0 0 ] /Contents () /Dest [ 16 0 R /XYZ 62.69291 380.0236 0 ] /Rect [ 62.69291 651.0236 114.3629 663.0236 ] /Subtype /Link /Type /Annot >> +endobj +9 0 obj +<< /Border [ 0 0 0 ] /Contents () /Dest [ 16 0 R /XYZ 62.69291 380.0236 0 ] /Rect [ 527.0227 651.7736 532.5827 663.7736 ] /Subtype /Link /Type /Annot >> +endobj +10 0 obj +<< /Border [ 0 0 0 ] /Contents () /Dest [ 16 0 R /XYZ 62.69291 329.0236 0 ] /Rect [ 62.69291 633.0236 91.59291 645.0236 ] /Subtype /Link /Type /Annot >> +endobj +11 0 obj +<< /Border [ 0 0 0 ] /Contents () /Dest [ 16 0 R /XYZ 62.69291 329.0236 0 ] /Rect [ 527.0227 633.7736 532.5827 645.7736 ] /Subtype /Link /Type /Annot >> +endobj +12 0 obj +<< /Border [ 0 0 0 ] /Contents () /Dest [ 18 0 R /XYZ 62.69291 765.0236 0 ] /Rect [ 62.69291 615.0236 118.2529 627.0236 ] /Subtype /Link /Type /Annot >> +endobj +13 0 obj +<< /Border [ 0 0 0 ] /Contents () /Dest [ 18 0 R /XYZ 62.69291 765.0236 0 ] /Rect [ 527.0227 615.7736 532.5827 627.7736 ] /Subtype /Link /Type /Annot >> +endobj +14 0 obj +<< /BaseFont /Courier /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /Name /F3 /Subtype /Type1 /Type /Font >> +endobj +15 0 obj +<< /Annots [ 4 0 R 5 0 R 6 0 R 7 0 R 8 0 R 9 0 R 10 0 R 11 0 R 12 0 R 13 0 R ] /Contents 28 0 R /MediaBox [ 0 0 595.2756 841.8898 ] /Parent 27 0 R /Resources << /Font 1 0 R /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI ] >> /Rotate 0 + /Trans << >> /Type /Page >> +endobj +16 0 obj +<< /Contents 29 0 R /MediaBox [ 0 0 595.2756 841.8898 ] /Parent 27 0 R /Resources << /Font 1 0 R /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI ] >> /Rotate 0 /Trans << >> + /Type /Page >> +endobj +17 0 obj +<< /Border [ 0 0 0 ] /Contents () /Dest [ 16 0 R /XYZ 62.69291 332.5236 0 ] /Rect [ 62.69291 680.7736 91.59291 692.7736 ] /Subtype /Link /Type /Annot >> +endobj +18 0 obj +<< /Annots [ 17 0 R ] /Contents 30 0 R /MediaBox [ 0 0 595.2756 841.8898 ] /Parent 27 0 R /Resources << /Font 1 0 R /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI ] >> /Rotate 0 + /Trans << >> /Type /Page >> +endobj +19 0 obj +<< /Outlines 21 0 R /PageLabels 31 0 R /PageMode /UseNone /Pages 27 0 R /Type /Catalog >> +endobj +20 0 obj +<< /Author () /CreationDate (D:20181006214702+00'00') /Creator (\(unspecified\)) /Keywords () /ModDate (D:20181006214702+00'00') /Producer (ReportLab PDF Library - 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This word will be converted to a 10bit opcode.) Tj T* ET +Q +Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 519.0236 cm +q +0 0 0 rg +BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 2.147882 Tw (Embedded in the 16bits of a word there is also a 6bit small argument. If a command has no small) Tj T* 0 Tw (argument these bits will be zeroed. In the assembly the command will be only one word, for example:) Tj T* ET +Q +Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 485.8236 cm +q +q +1 0 0 1 0 0 cm +q +1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm +q +.662745 .662745 .662745 RG +.5 w +.960784 .960784 .862745 rg +n -6 -6 468.6898 24 re B* +Q +q +0 0 0 rg +BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (cli) Tj T* ET +Q +Q +Q +Q +Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 453.8236 cm +q +0 0 0 rg +BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL .345988 Tw (If the command has a small argument, the 6 bit will be filled with the small argument. In the assembly the) Tj T* 0 Tw (small argument is separated by one whitespace, for example:) Tj T* ET +Q +Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 420.6236 cm +q +q +1 0 0 1 0 0 cm +q +1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm +q +.662745 .662745 .662745 RG +.5 w +.960784 .960784 .862745 rg +n -6 -6 468.6898 24 re B* +Q +q +0 0 0 rg +BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (inc r0) Tj T* ET +Q +Q +Q +Q +Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 376.6236 cm +q +BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm .629431 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Any other arguments are stored in further words and have thus a width of 16bits. They are separated by) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.211751 Tw (commas \() Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\) from both the first and any other arguments. It is recommended to only add one more) Tj T* 0 Tw (argument.) Tj T* ET +Q +Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 358.6236 cm +q +0 0 0 rg +BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Example for one big argument:) Tj T* ET +Q +Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 325.4236 cm +q +q +1 0 0 1 0 0 cm +q +1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm +q +.662745 .662745 .662745 RG +.5 w +.960784 .960784 .862745 rg +n -6 -6 468.6898 24 re B* +Q +q +0 0 0 rg +BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (ldi r0, 0xdead) Tj T* ET +Q +Q +Q +Q +Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 293.4236 cm +q +0 0 0 rg +BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 1.571318 Tw (It might be useful to have more arguments for other applications, like double precision floating points.) Tj T* 0 Tw (Example \(not implemented\):) Tj T* ET +Q +Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 236.2236 cm +q +q +1 0 0 1 0 0 cm +q +1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm +q +.662745 .662745 .662745 RG +.5 w +.960784 .960784 .862745 rg +n -6 -6 468.6898 48 re B* +Q +q +0 0 0 rg +BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (lddfi r0, 0xdead, 0xbeef) Tj T* (; load double precision floating point) Tj T* (; to r0 and r1) Tj T* ET +Q +Q +Q +Q +Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 203.2236 cm +q +BT 1 0 0 1 0 3.5 Tm 21 TL /F2 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Built-In Commands) Tj T* ET +Q +Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 185.2236 cm +q +BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (ldi) Tj ( ) Tj (<) Tj (sa) Tj (>) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj (<) Tj (ba) Tj (>) Tj T* ET +Q +Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 170.2236 cm +0 0 0 rg +BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm T* ET +q +1 0 0 1 20 0 cm +q +BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Load the value ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (<) Tj (ba) Tj (> ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (into register ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (<) Tj (sa) Tj (>) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (.) Tj T* ET +Q +Q +q +Q +Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 154.2236 cm +q +BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (ld) Tj ( ) Tj (<) Tj (sa) Tj (>) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj (<) Tj (ba) Tj (>) Tj T* ET +Q +Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 139.2236 cm +0 0 0 rg +BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm T* ET +q +1 0 0 1 20 0 cm +q +BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Load the value of the memory cell at ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (<) Tj (ba) Tj (> ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (into register ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (<) Tj (sa) Tj (>) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (.) Tj T* ET +Q +Q +q +Q +Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 123.2236 cm +q +BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (st) Tj ( ) Tj (<) Tj (sa) Tj (>) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj (<) Tj (ba) Tj (>) Tj T* ET +Q +Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 108.2236 cm +0 0 0 rg +BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm T* ET +q +1 0 0 1 20 0 cm +q +BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Store the value of register ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (<) Tj (sa) Tj (> ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (into the memory cell at ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (<) Tj (ba) Tj (>) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (.) Tj T* ET +Q +Q +q +Q +Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 92.22362 cm +q +BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (inc) Tj ( ) Tj (<) Tj (sa) Tj (>) Tj T* ET +Q +Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 77.22362 cm +0 0 0 rg +BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm T* ET +q +1 0 0 1 20 0 cm +q +BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Increment the value of register ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (<) Tj (sa) Tj (>) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (.) Tj T* ET +Q +Q +q +Q +Q + +endstream +endobj +29 0 obj +<< /Length 7261 >> +stream +1 0 0 1 0 0 cm BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 753.0236 cm +q +BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (dec) Tj ( ) Tj (<) Tj (sa) Tj (>) Tj T* ET +Q +Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 738.0236 cm +0 0 0 rg +BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm T* ET +q +1 0 0 1 20 0 cm +q +BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Decrement the value of register ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (<) Tj (sa) Tj (>) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (.) Tj T* ET +Q +Q +q +Q +Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 722.0236 cm +q +BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (add|sub|mul|div) Tj ( ) Tj (<) Tj (sa) Tj (>) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj (<) Tj (ba) Tj (>) Tj T* ET +Q +Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 695.0236 cm +0 0 0 rg +BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm T* ET +q +1 0 0 1 20 0 cm +q +BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 1.127318 Tw 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (<) Tj (sa) Tj (>) Tj ( ) Tj (=) Tj ( ) Tj (<) Tj (sa) Tj (>) Tj ( ) Tj (+|-|*|/) Tj ( ) Tj (<) Tj (ba) Tj (> ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (where ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (<) Tj (sa) Tj (> ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (and ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (<) Tj (ba) Tj (> ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (are registers. Write the overflow into the) Tj T* 0 Tw (status register.) Tj T* ET +Q +Q +q +Q +Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 679.0236 cm +q +BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (gt|ge|lt|le|eq) Tj ( ) Tj (<) Tj (sa) Tj (>) Tj T* ET +Q +Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 652.0236 cm +0 0 0 rg +BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm T* ET +q +1 0 0 1 20 0 cm +q +BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 2.431098 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Check if the value of register ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (<) Tj (sa) Tj (> ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (is ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (>) Tj (|) Tj (>) Tj (=|) Tj (<) Tj (|) Tj (<) Tj (=|== ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (to ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (0) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (. Set the status register to ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (1 ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (if it) Tj T* 0 Tw (evaluates true, else to ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (0) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (.) Tj T* ET +Q +Q +q +Q +Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 636.0236 cm +q +0 0 0 rg +BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (not) Tj T* ET +Q +Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 621.0236 cm +0 0 0 rg +BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm T* ET +q +1 0 0 1 20 0 cm +q +BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (If the status register is ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (0 ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (set it to ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (1) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, else set it to ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (0) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (.) Tj T* ET +Q +Q +q +Q +Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 605.0236 cm +q +BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (jmp) Tj ( ) Tj (<) Tj (sa) Tj (>) Tj T* ET +Q +Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 590.0236 cm +0 0 0 rg +BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm T* ET +q +1 0 0 1 20 0 cm +q +BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Set the program counter to the value of register ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (<) Tj (sa) Tj (>) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (.) Tj T* ET +Q +Q +q +Q +Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 574.0236 cm +q +BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (call) Tj ( ) Tj (<) Tj (sa) Tj (>) Tj T* ET +Q +Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 547.0236 cm +0 0 0 rg +BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm T* ET +q +1 0 0 1 20 0 cm +q +BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .797633 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Push the current program counter on the stack and set the program counter to the value of register) Tj T* 0 Tw /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (<) Tj (sa) Tj (>) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (.) Tj T* ET +Q +Q +q +Q +Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 531.0236 cm +q +0 0 0 rg +BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (ret) Tj T* ET +Q +Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 516.0236 cm +0 0 0 rg +BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm T* ET +q +1 0 0 1 20 0 cm +q +0 0 0 rg +BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Pop the previously pushed program counter from the stack.) Tj T* ET +Q +Q +q +Q +Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 500.0236 cm +q +0 0 0 rg +BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (stop) Tj T* ET +Q +Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 485.0236 cm +0 0 0 rg +BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm T* ET +q +1 0 0 1 20 0 cm +q +BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Write ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (1 ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (into the shutdown register. This will cause the interpreter to halt.) Tj T* ET +Q +Q +q +Q +Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 469.0236 cm +q +0 0 0 rg +BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (cl) Tj T* ET +Q +Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 454.0236 cm +0 0 0 rg +BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm T* ET +q +1 0 0 1 20 0 cm +q +BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Write ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (0 ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (into the status register.) Tj T* ET +Q +Q +q +Q +Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 438.0236 cm +q +BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (cjmp) Tj ( ) Tj (<) Tj (sa) Tj (>) Tj T* ET +Q +Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 423.0236 cm +0 0 0 rg +BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm T* ET +q +1 0 0 1 20 0 cm +q +BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (If there not a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (0 ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (in the status register, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (jmp <) Tj (sa) Tj (>) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, else continue execution.) Tj T* ET +Q +Q +q +Q +Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 407.0236 cm +q +BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (ccall) Tj ( ) Tj (<) Tj (sa) Tj (>) Tj T* ET +Q +Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 392.0236 cm +0 0 0 rg +BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm T* ET +q +1 0 0 1 20 0 cm +q +BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Like ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (cjmp) Tj ( ) Tj (<) Tj (sa) Tj (> ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (but with ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (call ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (instead.) Tj T* ET +Q +Q +q +Q +Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 359.0236 cm +q +BT 1 0 0 1 0 3.5 Tm 21 TL /F2 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Comments) Tj T* ET +Q +Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 341.0236 cm +q +BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Comments start with a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (; ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (at the beginning of the line and end at the end of the line.) Tj T* ET +Q +Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 308.0236 cm +q +BT 1 0 0 1 0 3.5 Tm 21 TL /F2 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Marks) Tj T* ET +Q +Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 278.0236 cm +q +0 0 0 rg +BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL .467485 Tw (Marks represent a special location of the assembly code. The assembler keeps track of those marks and) Tj T* 0 Tw (they can be used as immediate input.) Tj T* ET +Q +Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 236.0236 cm +q +BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 2.869983 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (A mark is defined by a single word, starting with an alphabetic character \() Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (a..zA...Z) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\) containing) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.330814 Tw (alphanumeric characters and underscores \() Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (a..zA..Z0..9_) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\) followed by a colon \() Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\) and a newline) Tj T* 0 Tw (character.) Tj T* ET +Q +Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 218.0236 cm +q +0 0 0 rg +BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Example:) Tj T* ET +Q +Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 100.8236 cm +q +q +1 0 0 1 0 0 cm +q +1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm +q +.662745 .662745 .662745 RG +.5 w +.960784 .960784 .862745 rg +n -6 -6 468.6898 108 re B* +Q +q +0 0 0 rg +BT 1 0 0 1 0 86 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (ldi r0, this_is_a_mark) Tj T* (ldi r1, 0xfefe) Tj T* (ldi r2, 0xefef) Tj T* T* (this_is_a_mark:) Tj T* (add r2, r1) Tj T* (; this will result in an infinite loop.) Tj T* (jmp r0) Tj T* ET +Q +Q +Q +Q +Q + +endstream +endobj +30 0 obj +<< /Length 2972 >> +stream +1 0 0 1 0 0 cm BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 744.0236 cm +q +BT 1 0 0 1 0 3.5 Tm 21 TL /F2 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Direct Input) Tj T* ET +Q +Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 726.0236 cm +q +BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The core instruction set contains the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (ldi ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (command that can be used to load data into a register directly.) Tj T* ET +Q +Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 696.0236 cm +q +0 0 0 rg +BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 2.501318 Tw (The first \(big\) argument of this command is always a 16bit word. The assembler can automatically) Tj T* 0 Tw (generate the correct value if the argument is provided in the following ways:) Tj T* ET +Q +Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 680.0236 cm +q +0 0 .501961 rg +0 0 .501961 RG +BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F2 10 Tf 12 TL (Marks) Tj T* ET +Q +Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 665.0236 cm +0 0 0 rg +BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm T* ET +q +1 0 0 1 20 0 cm +q +0 0 0 rg +BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (The assembler inserts the absolute offset of the Mark.) Tj T* ET +Q +Q +q +Q +Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 649.0236 cm +q +0 0 0 rg +BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F2 10 Tf 12 TL (A decimal value) Tj T* ET +Q +Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 634.0236 cm +0 0 0 rg +BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm T* ET +q +1 0 0 1 20 0 cm +q +BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The assembler inserts the value \(i.e. ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (ldi) Tj ( ) Tj (r0, 12) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\).) Tj T* ET +Q +Q +q +Q +Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 618.0236 cm +q +0 0 0 rg +BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F2 10 Tf 12 TL (A hexadecimal value) Tj T* ET +Q +Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 603.0236 cm +0 0 0 rg +BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm T* ET +q +1 0 0 1 20 0 cm +q +BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (If the argument starts with ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (0x ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (the assembler will interpret the argument as hexadecimal.) Tj T* ET +Q +Q +q +Q +Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 587.0236 cm +q +0 0 0 rg +BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F2 10 Tf 12 TL (A binary value) Tj T* ET +Q +Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 572.0236 cm +0 0 0 rg +BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm T* ET +q +1 0 0 1 20 0 cm +q +BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (If the argument starts with ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (0b ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (the assembler will interpret the value as binary.) Tj T* ET +Q +Q +q +Q +Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 556.0236 cm +q +0 0 0 rg +BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F2 10 Tf 12 TL (A character) Tj T* ET +Q +Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 529.0236 cm +0 0 0 rg +BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm T* ET +q +1 0 0 1 20 0 cm +q +BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .82811 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (If the argument is either a single character surrounded by two ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (' ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (characters or any unicode escape) Tj T* 0 Tw (sequence surrounded by ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (' ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (characters the assembler will insert the integer representation.) Tj T* ET +Q +Q +q +Q +Q + +endstream +endobj +31 0 obj +<< /Nums [ 0 32 0 R 1 33 0 R 2 34 0 R ] >> +endobj +32 0 obj +<< /S /D /St 1 >> +endobj +33 0 obj +<< /S /D /St 2 >> +endobj +34 0 obj +<< /S /D /St 3 >> +endobj +xref +0 35 +0000000000 65535 f +0000000075 00000 n +0000000130 00000 n +0000000240 00000 n +0000000355 00000 n +0000000526 00000 n +0000000697 00000 n +0000000868 00000 n +0000001039 00000 n +0000001210 00000 n +0000001381 00000 n +0000001553 00000 n +0000001725 00000 n +0000001897 00000 n +0000002069 00000 n +0000002178 00000 n +0000002464 00000 n +0000002674 00000 n +0000002846 00000 n +0000003075 00000 n +0000003184 00000 n +0000003467 00000 n +0000003544 00000 n +0000003692 00000 n +0000003827 00000 n +0000003953 00000 n +0000004076 00000 n +0000004193 00000 n +0000004271 00000 n +0000011143 00000 n +0000018461 00000 n +0000021490 00000 n +0000021552 00000 n +0000021589 00000 n +0000021626 00000 n +trailer +<< /ID + % ReportLab generated PDF document -- digest (http://www.reportlab.com) + [(\372\(\217\316\222\3169q\222\376\355\325c1\302>) (\372\(\217\316\222\3169q\222\376\355\325c1\302>)] + /Info 20 0 R /Root 19 0 R /Size 35 >> +startxref +21663 +%%EOF diff --git a/assembler/language.rst b/assembler/language.rst new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c7f53b5 --- /dev/null +++ b/assembler/language.rst @@ -0,0 +1,180 @@ +BCI Assembly Language +********************* + +.. contents:: + +Commands, Small Arguments and Big Arguments +=========================================== + +A command in BCI Assembly is a word starting with an +alphabetic character (``a..zA..Z``) following by a sequence +of alphanumeric characters (``a..zA..Z0..9``). +This word will be converted to a 10bit opcode. + +Embedded in the 16bits of a word there is also a 6bit small +argument. If a command has no small argument these bits will +be zeroed. In the assembly the command will be only one +word, for example:: + + cli + +If the command has a small argument, the 6 bit will be +filled with the small argument. In the assembly the small +argument is separated by one whitespace, for example:: + + inc r0 + +Any other arguments are stored in further words and have +thus a width of 16bits. They are separated by commas (``,``) +from both the first and any other arguments. +It is recommended to only add one more argument. + +Example for one big argument:: + + ldi r0, 0xdead + +It might be useful to have more arguments for other +applications, like double precision floating points. +Example (not implemented):: + + lddfi r0, r1, 0xdead, 0xbeef + ; load double precision floating point + ; to r0 and r1 + +Register Names +============== + +Only data registers can be accessed directly. They are +prefixed with a ``r`` and are indexed starting with ``0``. + +Examples: ``r0, r1, r2, ..., r11, r12`` + + +Built-In Commands +================= + +``ldi , `` + Load the value ```` into register ````. + +``ld , `` + Load the value of the memory cell at ```` into + register ````. + +``st , `` + Store the value of register ```` into the memory + cell at ````. + +``inc `` + Increment the value of register ````. + +``dec `` + Decrement the value of register ````. + +``add|sub|mul|div , `` + `` = +|-|*|/ `` where ```` and + ```` are registers. Write the overflow into the + status register. + +``gt|ge|lt|le|eq `` + Check if the value of register ```` is + ``>|>=|<|<=|==`` to ``0``. Set the status register + to ``1`` if it evaluates true, else to ``0``. + +``not`` + If the status register is ``0`` set it to ``1``, + else set it to ``0``. + +``jmp `` + Set the program counter to the value of register + ````. + +``call `` + Push the current program counter on the stack and + set the program counter to the value of register ````. + +``ret`` + Pop the previously pushed program counter from the stack. + +``stop`` + Write ``1`` into the shutdown register. This will + cause the interpreter to halt. +``cl`` + Write ``0`` into the status register. + +``cjmp `` + If there not a ``0`` in the status register, ``jmp + ``, else continue execution. + +``ccall `` + Like ``cjmp `` but with ``call`` instead. + +Comments +======== + +Comments start with a ``;`` at the beginning of the line and +end at the end of the line. + +Marks +===== + +Marks represent a special location of the assembly code. The +assembler keeps track of those marks and they can be used as +immediate input. + +A mark is defined by a single word, starting with an +alphabetic character (``a..zA...Z``) containing alphanumeric +characters and underscores (``a..zA..Z0..9_``) followed by +a colon (``:``) and a newline character. + +Example:: + + ldi r0, this_is_a_mark + ldi r1, 0xfefe + ldi r2, 0xefef + + this_is_a_mark: + add r2, r1 + ; this will result in an infinite loop. + jmp r0 + + +Direct Input +============ + +The core instruction set contains the ``ldi`` command that +can be used to load data into a register directly. + +The first (big) argument of this command is always a 16bit +word. The assembler can automatically generate the correct +value if the argument is provided in the following ways: + +`Marks`_ + The assembler inserts the absolute offset of the + Mark. +A decimal value + The assembler inserts the value (i.e. ``ldi r0, + 12``). +A hexadecimal value + If the argument starts with ``0x`` the assembler + will interpret the argument as hexadecimal. +A binary value + If the argument starts with ``0b`` the assembler + will interpret the value as binary. +A character + If the argument is either a single character + surrounded by two ``'`` characters or any unicode + escape sequence surrounded by ``'`` characters the + assembler will insert the integer representation. + +Explicit Data Programming +========================= + +One can explicitly set data in the program memory by using +the ``.set`` directive. It uses the following semantics:: + + ".set" "[" {,} "]" + +Where ```` is a `Direct Input`_ value. The assembler +will insert the data at exactly the location where the +``.set`` appears. The assembler ignores any whitespace or +newline characters between the brackets ``[]``.